RYAN, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Joseph O'Brien brought this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against the City of Grand Rapids, Police Chief William Hegarty, and Officer Daniel Ostapowicz, alleging that the defendants violated his Fourth Amendment rights when they searched his house and used excessive force to effect his arrest. The district court entered judgment as a matter of law against all three defendants on the basis of the court's Conclusion that they violated O'Brien's Fourth Amendment rights by authorizing a warrantless search of his house. The defendants appeal and raise the following issues:
